My boyfriend is becoming controlling. He said my lipgloss made me look like barbie and had me use a darker one?
He also wiped my blush off saying i look 18 (im 24 he is 38) He says my skirts are too short also. He said he is insecrue bc im so much younger than him. He showed me a pic on the internet of a gorgeous bikin model posing and he said it was his ex like he is trying to impress me im not sure i believe him bc before he showed me an internet model and said she was his ex and later admitted he didnyt know her. What do you make of this guy? I know he was abused as a kid. He said when he was 8 until age 9 he screamed out loud at night due to bad nightmares and to punish him his parents made him stand up on the bed until he fell asleep he also said his mom hit him with something and gave him a nosebleed he is of caribean background i am white american.
Get shot of him. He's abusive and you are being abused. It's none of his business what you wear or what makeup you use.
He might have been abused when he was young but he's abusing you now. I've got a friend in a similar situation. She's got a "partner" who was abused as a young child, but now he's abusing her psychologically. Your past doesn't justify anything. And *do* you know that he was abused as a child? He lied to you over that internet model, how do you know he's not lying to you about the abuse?
The penultimate chapter of the second volume based on Stephen King's horror epic! The survivors of the Captain Trips plague have started to team-up. Stu Redman and Glen Bateman trade origin stories--and horror stories about their mutual nightmares--while Randall Flagg sets out to recruit his first soldier in the ultimate battle between Good and Evil: Lloyd Henreid...
The second arc begins! The deadly super flu Captain Trips has devastated the country and now the few survivors must pick up the pieces and go on. Larry Underwood seeks escape from New York City. Lloyd contemplates an extremely unsavory dinner option in jail, and Stu Redman makes a desperate bid for freedom from his interrogators...
This is the 1:25 variant cover for The Stand: American Nightmares #1, the second mini series in the Marvel Comics adaptation of the Stephen King classic, The Stand.
Written by ROBERTO AGUIRRE-SACASA
Penciled by MIKE PERKINS
Cover by LEE BERMEJO
Variant Cover by MIKE PERKINS
Sketch Variant by LEE BERMEJO
The penultimate chapter of the second volume based on Stephen King's horror epic! The survivors of the Captain Trips plague have started to team-up...
Written by ROBERTO AGUIRRE-SACASA
Penciled by MIKE PERKINS
Cover by LEE BERMEJO
Variant Cover by MIKE PERKINS
Sketch Variant Cover by LEE BERMEJO
It's the Fourth of July, the first holiday post-plague, but none of the survivors are celebrating...
Written by ROBERTO AGUIRRE-SACASA
Art & Cover by MIKE PERKINS
The second arc begins! The deadly super flu Captain Trips has devastated the country and now the few survivors must pick up the pieces and go on...
Written by ROBERTO AGUIRRE-SACASA
Penciled by MIKE PERKINS
Cover by LEE BERMEJO
Variant Cover by MIKE PERKINS
Sketch Variant by LEE BERMEJO
The most harrowing chapter of Stephen King's horror epic yet! When Larry Underwood and his new companion Rita Blakemoor decide to escape from New York, they head for the Lincoln Tunnel...
There are so many facets to contemplate when considering the subject of business and travel security. Every security expert worth his or her salt understands the different variations as almost stand alone security issues.
For example every single aspect of business and travel security presents its own unique problems. Airlines, flights, air travel, vacations, travel agents, travel tours, travel insurance, medical insurance, kidnap for ransom insurance, business insurance travel, holiday home security, backpacking, gap year travel all require some form of risk assessment and personal risk management to minimise security risks.
Business travel and business travel security encompasses everything designed to minimise the security risks to you, your family and/or your business associates. Threats are ever present and although every individual professional security expert operates in a permanent state of professional paranoia it is unrealistic to expect occasional travellers to act the same way. There are however many simple security strategies which every traveller can utilise to minimise the risks.
Once again the risks factors vary and are ever changing due to increased terrorist and organised criminal activities around the globe. When considering travel tours to politically hot spot destinations, the first priority has to be to purchase kidnap for ransom travel insurance from a security related brokerage. Most kidnap for ransom insurance or K&R insurance as it is known in security expert parlance is underwritten by Lloyds of London. It is a myth that kidnap for ransom insurance is only available for VIP's and senior corporate executives. Due to the exponential increase in kidnap and the taking of hostages K&R insurance is available for everyday tourists and it is not as expensive as most people believe.
Your K&R insurance broker may stipulate certain security procedures must be undertaken to qualify you for cover. For example some insist on basic security awareness training. Depending on the country or countries you intend visiting they may insist that you participate in a 1 to 2 day close protection training programme run by professional bodyguard instructors. Elements of risk identification, risk assessment and risk management, advanced observation skills and counter kidnapping measures are taught. Security Expert Tip: Prior to the end of the last Millennium if we removed the obvious trouble zone of Lebanon, we found that six countries dominated two-thirds of the recent terrorist attacks, namely Columbia, Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Spain and Belgium. However fast forward to current day and the shift has moved to war zone areas like Iraq and Afghanistan. However terrorist attacks are increasing in many other global destinations. Security and close protection officers are advised to conduct rigorous threat assessments prior to close protection operation deployment to these areas.
Regarding business and travel security I advise all travel agents offering world travel tours to exotic locations to include a security update in their customers travel guide. I have delivered security training for business clients and close protection training for travellers and tourists. The benefits provide far more value than cost. If you think for a moment about the trauma of being a kidnap hostage then a 1 day security training programme is a positive investment.
Although every security expert will reinforce the fact that there is no such concept of 100% security, the knowledge you will gain from close protection training will seriously reduce your security risk. Don't harbour any fears of joining a troop of muscle bound bodyguards fending off terrorists in a jungle fortification, because you can purchase a comprehensive home study security close protection training programme which requires no actual residential training. Many professional close protection officers purchase these training programmes to study when on operational bodyguard duties in the field.
Be under no illusion of all the international special forces, professional bodyguards or close protection officers are the finest security specialists to prevent attacks against individuals or the abduction by kidnap. Much of their close protection training curriculum consists of avoidance over confrontation. They place meticulous emphasis on the clients under their protection not being placed in an environment conducive to attacks or abduction. Forget Kevin Costner and Whitney Huston, and think more of The US Secret Service who provide presidential protective services.
The next security requirement is to book travel, luggage and medical insurance from your travel agent. Entering a hospital in an overseas destination can be very expensive. Ensure your medical policy covers you for return emergency flights back to your home country. It is also wise to ensure your insurance covers you for a daily cash payment in the event of your cash, cards and valuables being stolen. Insist on a maximum daily limit and ensure you have a cap on the amount of days you can receive cash. Kidnappers target hostages just to clean out their daily limit on a cash card ATM machine. Fortunately most of these kidnappings take place in Asia and once the money runs dry hostages are generally released. Not always, but frequently.
Another aspect worth considering for business and travel security is deciding which travel agent and travel agency to book your holiday or vacations with. Security is paramount. Travel agents hold much of your personal data. If this data was accessed by organised crime or a terrorist organisation then you may be targeted for kidnap for ransom. These criminal organisations are technology smart and in some cases victims are chosen before they have even left their country of origin. At the risk of sounding obvious your travel agent and/or travel agency should have the finest security data-safes installed in a very secure area of their business premises.
From a personal security perspective it is important to deal with a credible travel agent and/or travel agency. Home based criminals would welcome information which informs them when you and your family members or business associates are away from your home or office for a week or two.
No one escapes the business and travel security leprechaun. An innocent trip backpacking to Australia turned into a nightmare for British backpacker, Jamie Neale in July 2009. Playing a football match in Jakarta could have had serious consequences and resulted in large fatalities for the Manchester United football team, had they stayed in the Ritz-Carlton hotel a day earlier when it was blown up by suicide bombers.
Piracy and hostage taking is on the increase globally, suicide bombings, muggings, child abduction, violent assaults and theft is also increasing in many tourist destinations. I've heard more than one security expert attribute this growth to the current economic downturn.
Purchasing top quality security products and services falls under the tactical equipment section of most e-commerce web sites. It is advisable to visit Europe's largest e-tailer of security products and services.
If this business and travel security seems like a doom and gloom article then please understand it is not. If you take one thing from this article then take this. Organised criminals, terrorists, pirates and kidnappers will always focus on soft targets. If you present as a hard target they will almost always leave you alone and focus on a softer target. They particularly welcome individual targets who live their life in what every security expert calls 'Condition White.' This is the concept of an individual not having any security awareness what so ever.
For any business employees or executives travelling overseas you should consider a visit with a security expert prior to booking your trip. The old saying of a little knowledge is dangerous, does not apply in the security industry. Being security aware will get you out of scrapes that softer targets are unable to avoid.
About the Author
Dr. Mark D. Yates The British American Security Expert has conducted high risk security operations in 42 countries for government, military special forces, Intelligence & security agencies. He is a published author & 5 major TV documentaries have been broadcast about him. Want to claim his FREE 52 security tips then visit him at
=> http://www.businessconsultancyonestopshop.com
or e-mail him at drma...@aol.com
It's the wedding of the century and the story you've waited a lifetime for! Archie finally marries Betty! ...and Veronica? Almost 80 years in the making! But is this really the end of the classic love triangle between Archie, Veronica, and Betty? Will the Riverdale gang ever be the same? Do Archie and Veronica live happily ever after? Follow the celebrated story - originally published in the pages of Archie #600-605 - from proposal to wedding and beyond! Watch as Archie and Veronica start a family and navigate the ups and downs of married life as one of the most famous comic couples of all time! Written by life-long Archie Comics fan and movie producer Michael Ulsan, and with art by acclaimed Archie artist Stan Goldberg, this timeless story about growing up is jam-packed with the hilarious antics and touching sentiment only Archie & Co...
The eternal love triangle: The cornerstone of Archie Comics for over 53 years--and the bane of Archie Andrews' existence! When Archie Comics announced that Archie Andrews may finally choose between Betty & Veronica, the response was unprecedented- and for good reason!When the smoke cleared, Archie shocked the world by choosing neither long-time gal pal, but old flame Cheryl Blossom instead!
"Things are getting weird in Riverdale!"Archie Comics are an American cultural icon. Who hasn't loved the teenaged, freckle-faced Archie Andrews and his pals? This BRBTV Report takes a look at the 1999-2000 animated TV incarnation, "Archie's Weird Mysteries," a fun twist on the classic lore, with Archie, Betty, Jughead, Veronica and the rest of the gang solving spooky mysteries a la Scooby-Doo! The report -- a text-only Kindle version of the full-color, fully illustrated PDF offered at BRBTV...
Kindle edition of Wodehouse's classic work with an active table of contents.The book tells the story of impoverished, embarrassment-prone Drone Archibald "Archie" Moffam, and his difficult relationship with art-collecting, hotel-owning millionaire father-in-law Daniel Brewster, father of Archie's new bride Lucille...
"Cindy and Her Obasan" blends the classic Cinderella fairy-tale concept with modern Japanese pop culture. Cindy is a spirited ten-year-old who has inexplicably been assigned a Japanese fairy godmother, for in today's global economy FGM Inc...
We have this Creative Writing project where we're supposed to write a darker version of Rapunzel--highlighting the witchcraft of Gothel, and the romance between Rapunzel and the Prince--make a darker version, make it more graphic (the Prince's fall from the tower)--in other words.
Hmmm, a darker version of the story of a young woman who is abducted and held in solitary confinement for so long that her hair grows to record-setting lengths.
I think it would be interesting to look at the impact the confinement had on Rapunzel and her relationship with the prince. Who could survive that to live "happily ever after?"
Does she start talking to herself, inventing companions?
Does she keep pet roaches?
Does she become agoraphobic?
Does the prince wish he had never committed to her?
So much material here. Have fun.
Dark Tower: The Fall of Gilead List Price:$24.99 Sale Price: $16.49 You save: $8.50 (34%) Eligible for free shipping! Availability: Usually ships in 24 hours
Description
A horrified Steven Deschain learns that the deadly seeing sphere called Maerlyn's Grapefruit has been stolen from his chambers! Far worse, when he enters his wife's room to arrest her for the theft, his son Roland is standing over her body with a gun in his hand...
Written by PETER DAVID & ROBIN FURTH
Pencils & Cover by RICHARD ISANOVE
Variant Cover by RAFA SANDOVAL
Sketch Variant by RICHARD ISANOVE
Farson's men have arrived! Every man and boy over the age of eleven is armed and prepared for battle...
Written by ROBIN FURTH & PETER DAVID
Art by RICHARD ISANOVE
Cover by JAE LEE & RICHARD ISANOVE
A horrified Steven Deschain learns that the deadly seeing sphere called Maerlyn's Grapefruit has been stolen from his chambers! Far worse, when he enters his wife's rooms to arrest her for the theft, his son Roland is standing over her body with a gun in his hand...
As Farson's men fill the Barony, Steven Deschain and his band of twenty gunslingers prepare for the battle that will decide the future of Gilead. Meanwhile, Roland finds his escape from prison in a most surprising visitor...
Written by PETER DAVID & ROBIN FURTH
Art & Cover by RICHARD ISANOVE
Variant Cover by TOMMY LEE EDWARDS
Sketch Variant by RICHARD ISANOVE
Roland has been arrested and imprisoned for the murder of his mother, Gabrielle...
Cover by JAE LEE and RICHARD ISANOVE. Written by ROBIN FURTH and PETER DAVID. Art by RICHARD ISANOVE. Variant Cover by ADI GRANOV. Sketch Variant by RICHARD ISANOVE. A horrified Steven Deschain learns that the deadly seeing sphere called Maerlyn's Grapefruit has been stolen from his chambers! Far worse, when he enters his wife's rooms to arrest her for the theft, his son Roland is standing over her body with a gun in his hand...
Written by PETER DAVID & ROBIN FURTH
Art & Cover by RICHARD ISANOVE
Variant Cover by TOMMY LEE EDWARDS
Sketch Variant by RICHARD ISANOVE
Roland has been arrested and imprisoned for the murder of his mother, Gabrielle...
Farson's men have arrived! Every man and boy over the age of eleven is armed and prepared for battle. The women and children hide themselves deep within the city. And while the war rages, an injured Steven Deschain fights his way home through the wreckage with a singular determination...
Written by PETER DAVID & ROBIN FURTH
Art & Cover by RICHARD ISANOVE
Variant Cover by TOMMY LEE EDWARDS
Sketch Variant by RICHARD ISANOVE
Roland has been arrested and imprisoned for the murder of his mother, Gabrielle...
It's the end of Gilead's blackest nightmare as Roland and his makeshift army defend the scant remains of the barony from dread Farson's men. But is this dark hour mere prelude to greater bloodshed--and betrayals--yet to come...
A BOLD NEW CHAPTER IN STEPHEN KING''''S THE DARK TOWER SAGA! Twelve years have passed since the fateful Battle of Jericho Hill and the fall of the gunslingers...
See no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil. A deadly warning in a deadly game. In the bestselling tradition of The Silence of the Lambs comes The Tower, a novel of nail-biting suspense and heart-stopping terror played out in a psychological battle of wit, cunning, and pure evil between a diabolically clever killer and his determined hunter. The Tower, nicknamed "Alcatraz II" by law enforcement officials, is infamous as the world's foremost airtight extreme maximum security prison. A futuristic building, it is located offshore of San Francisco, and built to be 100 percent escape-proof. The men who are condemned to spend the rest of their lives there are the most dangerous, violent offenders in the prison system -- men whose crimes have made it imperative that they be separated from society, from one another, and from hope -- forever. Allander Atlasia, a psychopathic killer and himself the victim of a horrible sexual attack as a child, has been sentenced to the Tower for a series of gruesome crimes. But Atlasia manages to do the impossible -- he breaks out of the prison. He makes his way to the mainland and, armed with his own private agenda of hate and murder, begins his killing spree, intent on re-enacting and revenging the childhood tortures that turned him into a monster. Jade Marlow is an ex-FBI agent who has been assigned to hunt down and capture Atlasia. A self-described "tracker," Marlow is relentless, fearless, and brilliant -- a loose cannon in a private struggle with his own demons. With a record of irrational behavior and violence, and a kind of genius for putting himself into the mind of a criminal predator that is itself a sort of madness, Marlow may just be the only man smart and diabolical enough to catch Atlasia. Atlasia's victims are the unfortunate bystanders in this complex story of emotional and psychological horror, as they fall prey to this madman's twisted re-enactment of his own depraved past, as he rights the wrongs he feels have been visited upon him. His message to his pursuers is delivered in a particularly chilling manner, a literal realization of the old adage "See no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil." Two men -- one a sinister, inventive, pitiless serial killer, the other a brilliant sleuth and hunter who bears his own heavy burden of dark secrets and impulses -- play out a deadly game against a background of increasingly brutal murders, in which there are no rules but kill or be killed. Superbly written, ingeniously plotted, and enormously entertaining, The Tower marks the debut of a stunning new writer.
A BOLD NEW CHAPTER IN STEPHEN KING'S THE DARK TOWER SAGA! Twelve years have passed since the fateful Battle of Jericho Hill and the fall of the gunslingers. Since the Affiliation's resistance against John Farson became little more than a faint memory. Sin
What Do You Think About TNA Bringing In Lex Luger To Wrestle?
TNA feels they do not have enough wrestlers over the age of 50 on their roster, so they need to bring in Lex Luger. After all Hulk Hogan, Ric Flair, Kevin Nash, Scott Hall, and Sting are all young spring chickens. TNA does needs to bring some balance in the age department by hiring Lex Luger.
But why stop at just Lex Luger ? While Dixie Carter is at it, she should also hire The Ultimate Warrior, Psycho Sid, and The Macho Man Randy Savage. All 3 of them are also over the age of 50.
No wonder people say TNA is where former WWE/WCW stars go when they are washed up and past their prime.
Just like the Nasty Boys, what major impact has Lex Luger made in the wrestling industry in the last 10 years anyways ?
1st of this is a lame question because you are trying to spin things off alot worse than they are. 2nd. Luger is not coming back to wrestle. He can barely walk these days. Grow Up.
Savage She-Hulk List Price:$14.99 Sale Price: $11.69 You save: $3.30 (22%) Eligible for free shipping! Availability: Usually ships in 24 hours
Description
From a world where society as we know it has crumbled and humanity has been irrevocably changed, she comes-the all-new, all-different SAVAGE SHE-HULK! But now, a deadly mission has brought her to current Marvel continuity...
She's left her apocalyptic world for this one. Her mother was a heroine, her father a rampaging HULK! What path is the Savage She-Hulk called Lyra on, and why has it led her to add her might to the Wizard's Frightful Four? See how some of the toughest women in the Marvel Universe tip the balance of power in the Fall of the Hulks with this exciting mini-series by Jeff Parker (Agents of Atlas, Fall of the Hulks Alpha) and Salve Espin (Incredible Hercules)...
She's been an FF member, an Avenger and the sharpest attorney in the superhuman halls of justice! Now, see her savage starting point in this complete compilation of her first series! Jennifer Walters takes her first thundering steps into stardom against mobsters, monsters and a super-villain who's his own best team lineup! Featuring the Man-Thing, the Man-Wolf and the Man-Elephant! Guest-starring members of the Defenders! Collects Savage She-Hulk #1-25.
Written by FRED VAN LENTE
Pencils by PETER VALE & ROBERT ATKINS
Cover by ALEX GARNER
From a world where society as we know it has crumbled and humanity has been irrevocably changed, she comes-the all-new, all-different SAVAGE SHE-HULK! But now, a deadly mission has brought her to current Marvel continuity...
After leaving her apocalyptic world for this one, the Savage She-Hulk called Lyra is unsure of her path and wonders why she's been led to join the Wizard's Frightful Four.
They have already signed Mickey Rourke to play Whiplash and Scarlett Johansson to play Black Widow. Some guy is going to play Justin Hammer and Samuel L Jackson will get more screen time as Nick Fury so I doubt Mandarin will appear. If he does appear, will Mandarin be the ancient villian he was in the comics or a new high tech version. Its going to be tough because its hard to imagine an ancient resurrected guy in the high tech world of Iron Man, but the fans wont like it if Mandarin is too different from the comic book version.
It looks like Mandarin will only serve as a person pulling the strings in the Iron Man 2 movie. The likelihood of seeing him will be in Iron Man 3.
.
Hot Toys Iron Man 2 WHIPLASH: EmGo's Marvel Comics Reviews N' Stuff
Written by MARC GUGGENHEIM & BRANNON BRAGA
Penciled by PHIL BRIONES
Cover by BRANDON PETERSON
It's the beleaguered Iron Man vs. the all-new, all-deadly Whiplash in a brutal fight to the finish! But how can there be a victor if both men need each other to defeat the menace of the Iron Axis?
Written by MARC GUGGENHEIM & BRANNON BRAGA
Penciled by PHIL BRIONES
Cover by BRANDON PETERSON
Who is the Iron Axis and what makes them--yes, them--the deadliest foes Iron Man has ever faced? And what happens when the all-new, all-deadly Whiplash gets caught in the middle? Before he strikes in Iron Man 2, meet the latest version of this classic Armored Avenger foe in this in-continuity adventure!
Written by BRANNON BRAGA & MARC GUGGENHEIM
Pencils & Cover by BRANDON PETERSON
Meet the all-new, all-different, all-deadly WHIPLASH in this special in-continuity lead-in to the Iron Man 2 movie. Who is Anton Vanko and why does he blame Tony Stark for the murder of thousands? For that matter, why does the United Nations? Brannon Braga (STAR TREK: ENTERPRISE) and Marc Guggenheim (AMAZING SPIDER-MAN) and artist Phil Briones (SUB-MARINER: REVOLUTION) have the answers!
Continuing the intro of the all-new, all-deadly Whiplash! Tony Stark is behind bars with dictators, despots and war criminals - and there's nowhere else Whiplash would rather have him! How is this new nemesis formed from Stark's own armor, and why does he want Iron Man destroyed? Before he tears up the screen in Iron Man II, be there for the arrival of the new Whiplash in the Marvel U!
Written by MARC GUGGENHEIM & BRANNON BRAGA
Penciled by PHILIPPE BRIONES
Cover by BRANDON PETERSON
Continuing the intro of the all-new, all-deadly Whiplash! Tony Stark is behind bars with dictators, despots and war criminals - and there's nowhere else Whiplash would rather have him! How is this new nemesis formed from Stark's own armor, and why does he want Iron Man destroyed? Before he tears up the screen in Iron Man II, be there for the arrival of the new Whiplash in the Marvel U!
Iron Man Vs. Whiplash List Price:$14.99 Sale Price: $11.69 You save: $3.30 (22%) Eligible for free shipping! Availability: Usually ships in 24 hours
Description
Meet the all-new, all-different, all-deadly Whiplash in this special lead-in to the Iron Man 2 movie! Who is Anton Vanko and why does he blame Tony Stark for the murder of thousands? For that matter, why does the United Nations? Brannon Bragga (24), Marc Guggenheim (Amazing Spider-Man), and artist Phil Briones (Sub-Mariner: Revolution) have the answers! Collects Iron Man vs...
Based on an exciting episode of the Iron Man: Armored Adventures animated television show, this Step into Reading book features Iron Man battling the villainous Whiplash. This Step 3 book for boys ages 6 to 8 is a perfect way to introduce young readers to the Marvel hero known as Iron Man.
Who wrote the Uncle Scrooge and Donald Duck stories featured in the early Gold Key comics?
The best old stuff was written and drawn by the late Carl Barks. Some very excellent new material is being written and drawn by Don Rosa.
Both are extremely recommended for readers of all ages, but having been acquainted with Rosa, I think he might say that Barks was a lot better. I think he's being too modest. (Kind of like what Al Williamson says about him not being as good as Alex Raymond on Flash Gordon...Al does himself a great disservice...as does Don Rosa.)
Comic book tie-in with the animated Filmation Associates television show. The show ran for 34 episodes from September 6,1969 until September 4,1971, on Saturday Mornings (ABC).
In the comic Frank and Joe Hardy are rock stars and amateur detectives and mystery solvers...
Flash is back! The intrepid science fiction hero returns in a new volume collecting the full run of Flash Gordon comics published by Gold Key in the 1970s...
The 1960s comic book adventures of The Phantom return in full, glorious color! This series of collections, which consists of eight volumes, spans 15 years and starts by assembling all 17 Gold Key ...
Comic books have long been a key source of inspiration in Hollywood, and in this {\documentary} from {@Starz Inside}, the folks behind some of the most popular comic-to-screen translations ever produced explain how the stories that have held children capt
The book offers a comprehensive account of how humor works in short stories, by presenting a model of narrative comedy that is pragmatically as well as semantically, grammatically and stylistically informed. It is the first study to combine a sequential analysis of the comic short story with a hierarchical one, merging together horizontal and vertical narratological perspectives in a systematic way. The book covers the main areas of linguistic analysis and is deliberately interdisciplinary, using input from philosophy, sociology and psychology so as to touch upon the nature, motivations and functions of humor as a cognitive phenomenon in a social context. Crucially, The Language of Comic Narratives combines a scholarly approach with a careful explanation of key terms and concepts, making it accessible to researchers and students, as well as non-specialists. Moreover, it reviews a broad range of historical critical data by examining the source texts, and it provides many humorous examples, from jokes to extracts from comic narratives. Thus, it seeks to anchor theory in specific texts, and also to show that many linguistic mechanisms of humor are common to jokes and longer, literary comic narratives. The book tests the model of humorous narratives on a set of comic short stories by British and American writers, ranging from Evelyn Waugh and Dorothy Parker, through Graham Greene and Corey Ford, to David Lodge and Woody Allen. The validity of the model is confirmed through a subsequent discussion of apparent counter-examples.
Math + Comics = Learning That’s Fun! Help students build essential math skills and meet math standards with 80 laugh-out-loud comic strips and companion mini-story problems. Each reproducible comic and problem set reinforces a key math skill: multip
The Adventure of a Lifetime Series: The Key of Gold
Baghdad Battery
Description and dating
The artifacts consist of terracotta jars approximately 130 mm (5 in) tall (with a one and a half inch mouth) containing a copper cylinder made of a rolled-up copper sheet, which houses a single iron rod. At the top, the iron rod is isolated from the copper by bitumen plugs or stoppers, and both rod and cylinder fit snugly inside the opening of the jar, which bulges outward towards the middle. The copper cylinder is not watertight, so if the jar was filled with a liquid containing citric acid, this would surround the iron rod as well. The artifact had been exposed to the weather and had suffered corrosion, although mild given the presence of an electrochemical couple. This has led some scholars[who?] to believe lemon juice, grape juice, or vinegar was used[citation needed] as an acidic electrolyte solution to generate an electric current from the difference between the electrochemical potentials of the copper and iron electrodes.
Knig thought the objects might date to the Parthian period (between 250 BC and AD 224). However, according to Dr St John Simpson of the Near Eastern department of the British Museum, their original excavation and context were not well recorded (see stratigraphy), so evidence for this date range is very weak. Furthermore, the style of the pottery (see typology) is Sassanid (224-640).
Most of the components of the objects are not particularly amenable to advanced dating methods. The ceramic pots could be analysed by thermoluminescence dating, but this has apparently not yet been done; in any case, it would only date the firing of the pots, which is not necessarily the same as when the complete artifact was assembled. Another possibility would be ion diffusion analysis, which could indicate how long the objects were buried.
Speculations on function
This section may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talk page. (July 2009)
Electrical
Copper and iron form an electrochemical couple, so that in the presence of any electrolyte, an electric potential (voltage) will be produced. Knig had observed a number of very fine silver objects from ancient Iraq which were plated with very thin layers of gold, and speculated that they were electroplated using batteries with these being the cells. After the Second World War, Willard Gray demonstrated current production by a reconstruction of the inferred battery design when filled with grape juice. W. Jansen experimented with benzoquinone (some beetles produce quinones) and vinegar in a cell and got satisfactory performance.
However, even among those who believe the artifacts were electrical devices, electroplating as a use is not well regarded today. Paul Craddock of the British Museum said "The examples we see from this region and era are conventional gold plating and mercury gilding. There never been any untouchable evidence to support the electroplating theory." The gilded objects which Knig thought might be electroplated are now believed to have been fire-gilded (with mercury). Reproduction experiments of electroplating by Dr Arne Eggebrecht consumed "many" reproduction cells to achieve a plated layer just one micrometre thick. Other scientists noted that Dr Eggebrecht used a more efficient, modern electrolyte; using only vinegar, the battery is very feeble.[citation needed]
An alternative, but still electrical explanation was offered by Paul Keyser. It was suggested that a priest or healer, using an iron spatula to compound a vinegar based potion in a copper vessel, may have felt an electrical tingle, and used the phenomenon either for electro-acupuncture, or to amaze supplicants by electrifying a metal statue.[citation needed] However, this is dubious, since a "tingle" requires a far higher voltage than can be generated by an iron/copper cell.[citation needed]
Non-electrical
Skeptical archaeologists see the electrical experiments as embodying a key problem with experimental archaeology; such experiments can only show that something was physically possible, they say nothing about whether it actually occurred. Further, there are many difficulties with the interpretation of these artifacts as galvanic cells:
the bitumen completely covers the copper cylinder, electrically insulating it, so no current can be drawn without modifying the design;
there are not any wires or conductors with them;
no widely accepted electrical equipment is associated with them. (Controversial stone reliefs depicting arc lights have been suggested, however the voltages obtained are orders of magnitude below what would be needed to produce arc lighting);
a bitumen seal, being thermoplastic, is excellent for forming a hermetic seal for long term storage. It would be extremely inconvenient however for a galvanic cell, which would require frequent topping up of the electrolyte (if they were intended for extended use).
The artifacts strongly resemble another type of object with a known purposeamely, storage vessels for sacred scrolls from nearby Seleucia on the Tigris. Those vessels do not have the outermost clay jar, but are otherwise almost identical. Since it is claimed these vessels were exposed to the elements, it would not be at all surprising if any papyrus or parchment inside had completely rotted away, perhaps leaving a trace of slightly acidic organic residue.
In the media
The idea that the battery could have produced usable levels of electricity has been put to the test at least twice.
On the 1980 British Television series Arthur C. Clarke's Mysterious World, Egyptologist Dr Arne Eggebrecht used a recreation of the battery, filled with grape juice, to produce half a volt of electricity, demonstrating for the programme that the battery could electroplate a silver statuette in two hours, using a gold cyanide solution. Dr Eggebrecht speculated that museums could contain many items mislabelled as gold when they are merely electroplated. However, doubt has recently been cast on the validity of these experiments.
In 1999, the Disney Channel original TV series So Weird featured the battery in the opening portion of the show.
The Discovery Channel program MythBusters determined that it was indeed plausible for ancient people to have used the Baghdad Battery for electroplating or electrostimulation. On MythBusters' 29th episode (which aired on March 23, 2005), ten hand-made terracotta jars were fitted to act as batteries. Lemon juice was chosen as the electrolyte to activate the electrochemical reaction between the copper and iron. (Oddly enough, it was discovered that a single lemon produced more voltage than one of the batteries when using copper and zinc.) However, the batteries which they reproduced did not produce a substantial amount of energy and had to be connected in series in order to achieve a 4 V potential drop and test the theories.
The show's research staff proposed three possible uses: electroplating, medical pain relief (through acupuncture), and religious experience. It was discovered that when linked in series the cells indeed had sufficient power to electroplate a small token. For acupuncture, the batteries produced a "random" pulse that could be felt through the needles; however, it began to produce a painful burning sensation when the batteries were grounded to two needles at once. For the religious experience aspect of the batteries, a replica of the Ark of the Covenant was constructed, complete with two cherubim. Instead of linking the cherubim's golden wings to the low power batteries, an electric fence generator was connected. When touched, the wings produced a strong feeling of tightness in the chest. Although the batteries themselves had not been used, it was surmised that, due to the apparent lack of knowledge of electricity, any form of electrical sensation from them could equate to the divine presence in the eyes of ancient people. In the end, the Baghdad battery myth was found plausible on all three accounts.
The History Channel 2008 documentary Ancient Aliens uses the battery as evidence of alien involvement in ancient civilizations, suggesting that Ancient Egyptians could have lighted the pyramids with electric lights.
The comic strip Get Fuzzy referenced the Baghdad Battery on April 24, 2009.
The Baghdad Batteries were a punk band (2006-2009) in Chico, Ca. During their short existence they played numerous shows in and around Chico, recorded two albums and were awarded the title of "best" punk band by the Chico News and Review at the 2009 yearly Cammie awards.
See also
Dendera light
Galvanization
History of electromagnetism
History of the battery
Leyden jar
References
^ "Paranormal Image Gallery - Ancient Mysteries/Aztec carving of ancient astronaut". Unexplained Mysteries. http://www.unexplained-mysteries.com/gallery/displayimage.php?album=8&pos=20. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
^ The Baghdad Battery
^ Frood, Arron, Riddle of "Baghdad's batteries"
^ Frood, Arron,Riddle of "Baghdad's batteries"
^ Welfare, S. and Fairley, J. Arthur C Clarke's Mysterious World (Collins 1980), pp. 62-64.
^ Riddle of 'Baghdad's batteries'
^ [dead link]
Further reading
Von Handorf, D E., The Baghdad battery - myth or reality?. Plating and Surface Finishing (USA). Vol. 89, no. 5, pp. 8487. May 2002
External links
'"Riddle of 'Baghdad's batteries" BBC article, 27 February, 2003.
"Battery, Baghdad, 250 BC" at the Smith College Museum of Ancient Inventions
Categories: History of Iraq | Out-of-place artifacts | PseudoarchaeologyHidden categories: All articles with dead external links | Articles with dead external links from November 2009 | All articles with specifically-marked weasel-worded phrases | Articles with specifically-marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2008 | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009 | Articles that may contain original research from July 2009 | All articles that may contain original research | Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 About the Author
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