Which Is The Best Comic Book Shop in Melbourne, Australia?
Which is the best Comics'R' us, Classic Comics, All Star Comics or Minotaur??
Minotaur. It offers alot of variety for everyone. And it's the biggest
However comics r us i think is best for the diehard comic lovers. However not so many people know it's their because it's do tiny
Dark Horse presents the definitive guide to Star Wars comics, complete with in-depth coverage all the way through Episode III! Written by Ryder Windham, Star Wars expert, and densely illustrated ...
Star Wars and sequential art share a long history: Star Wars debuted on the comic-book page in 1977, when Marvel Comics began publishing a six-part adaptation of the first film, which ...
fully scripted wrath of the lich king 3.0.3(8) fun server?
wife and i are looking for a fully scripted funserver, we've tried quite a few and most are lacking in key areas. looking for a stable server, no roll backs, good starter gear (as in the winter gear on some servers), working death knights/spells, starting gold, things of that nature. if anyone knows of a server like this, please let me know, id prefer a server where you ARENT forced to donate to be able to do anything in wow.
yea there proly isnt a server like that for wow but if you lower your standars you could find servers like the one i did youll find that all you have to do is a few quests and you can reach lvl 80 in like a day and not donate at all. then once you reach 80 you can do all fun you can want as an 80
Tutankhamun's Golden Death Mask (Shot in King Tut Virtual)
Beautiful social worker Riley Dawson comes closer to understanding her intense connection to the ocean when she meets a handsome stranger on the shores of Virginia Beach. He's arrived, reborn from the fathoms below, to fulfill an ancient mission for the God Poseidon and--with Riley--experience the pleasures of human desire.
What kind of website or computer program could I make as a 10th grade high school student?
I want something big that I can put on a college application, and what I am good as is computers. The only things I could think of colleges would like is some kind of computer program that is extremely impressive, or a website with a decent amount of traffic. I don't know what I could do for either though. For either one, I want it to show that it took a lot of time and thought, and I had to work hard at it. So I'm looking for some website ideas, or a program idea. Or just another idea altogether on the topic of computers. It just seems that any website or program that I could make is already made and very abundant, so I don't know what to do.
I am very good at networking computers...I can set up a wireless home network of 4 computers in about 15 minutes with shared folders and printers. I thought about making a site on this, but a website would cost a lot (im 14), and there are tons of sites on instructional networking already
You should just go ahead and start the topic that you like without worrying about the abundant other sites out there.
To create a site, it need not be expensive.
Read this site to learn how you can host your website for free. http://www.wanginternet.com/free-web-hosting-with-no-advertising.htm
If you need a domain name, simply head to Yahoo to get one for only USD 2.99 for the first year.
Once your site has got some good content, you can then make some money from it via Pay per click programs, affiliate marketing, etc. Head to http://www.wanginternet.com for more info on ways to monetize your site.
Uropathology, a volume in the High Yield Pathology Series, makes it easy to recognize the classic manifestations of urologic diseases and quickly confirm your diagnoses. A templated format, excellent color photographs, authoritative content, and online access make Uropathology an ideal reference for busy pathologists...
Third Edition: Published 2002. The latest, updated version of the book that has helped thousands of children gain self esteem and make friends. "How Kids Make Friends" by Lonnie Michelle is a colorful children's version of Dale Carnegie's bestseller, "How To Win Friends and Influence People...
The updated edition of the must-have resource for any student applying to collegeThis thoroughly revised and updated edition of the bestselling book Admission Matters demystifies the college application process and offers practical advice for choosing the right school, writing an effective essay, navigating financial aid, and more...
This introductory resource explains how to sustainably manage a wooded property, whether it’s a few acres in the suburbs or a small commercial forest. Readers will learn how to identify the type, health, and quality of their trees and woodland; how to plant, prune, and thin trees; how to improve their ecosystem by creating trails, adding water, and diversifying; how to improve wildlife habitat; and how to enjoy and use the land by harvesting timber, cutting firewood, building wildlife blinds, making maple sugar, growing Christmas trees, hunting, and more.
Finding God for grades 1-8, serves your whole parish by offering innovative, imaginative, and practical approaches to lifelong faith formation.Something Different Young people in junior high—grades seven and eight—are beginning to sense that they are different...
Adult Children of Alcoholics List Price:$12.95 Sale Price: $6.99 You save: $5.96 (46%) Eligible for free shipping! Availability: Usually ships in 1-2 business days
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Ten years ago, Janet Woititz broke new ground in our understanding of what it is to be an Adult Child of an Alcoholic. Today she re-examines the movement and its inclusion of Adult Children from various dysfunctional family backgrounds who share the same characteristics...
Always Dakota (Dakota Series #3) List Price:$7.99 Sale Price: $3.00 You save: $4.99 (62%) Eligible for free shipping! Availability: Usually ships in 1-2 business days
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Buffalo Valley, North Dakota, has become a good place to live— the way it used to be. People here are feeling confident about the future again.Stalled lives are moving forward. People are taking risks—on new ventures and lifelong dreams...
When they were first released in the 1980s, Janet Woititz's groundbreaking works, Adult Children of Alcoholics, Struggle for Intimacy and The Self-Sabotage Syndrome, provided a new message of hope to adult children who had grown up in the shadow of alcoholic parents...
Be as prepared as possible to take the PMP certification examThe PMP certification is the most popular project management certification available, but also a very difficult certification to obtain with very demanding requirements...
Parking lot monitored signs clearly alert employees and visitors that the facility is monitored by surveillance cameras. 24"h x 18"w- Notice parking lot monitored by video camera sign. Choose from aluminum, steel, or polyethylene. Option of high-intensity reflective or engineer grade reflective. Can't be missed in dark conditions, and is ideal for parking lots and driveways. Option of standard or duroshield topcoat. Duroshield topcoat has a lifetime guarantee- the best defense against fading, graffiti, and chemicals.
Stop parking lot signs control traffic in your lot. 12"h x 12"w- "Stop" sign. Choose from aluminum, steel, or polyethylene. Option of high-intensity reflective, engineer grade reflective, or non-reflective. Option of standard or duroshield topcoat. Duroshield topcoat has a lifetime guarantee- the best defense against fading, graffiti, and chemicals.
Yield parking lot signs control traffic in your lot. 12"h x 12"w- Yield sign. Choose from aluminum, steel, or polyethylene. Option of high-intensity reflective, engineer grade reflective, or non-reflective. Option of standard or duroshield topcoat. Duroshield topcoat has a lifetime guarantee- the best defense against fading, graffiti, and chemicals.
Safely direct vehicles around parking lots with Parking Lot Traffic Signs. Parking Lot Signs have clear, concise wordings that are easily understood by all Signs are available in non-reflective steel, Engineer Grade reflective aluminum or High Intensity reflective aluminum (aluminum styles are MUTCD compliant) Parking Lot Traffic Signs measure 18"W x 18"H and can withstand harsh outdoor environments for 5 to 7 years Extend the life and performance of the sign by upgrading to Seton UltraTuff™ overlaminate Message reads "Enter" in black lettering on a white background with a graphic left arrow
Safely direct vehicles around parking lots with Parking Lot Traffic Signs. Parking Lot Signs have clear, concise wordings that are easily understood by all Signs are available in non-reflective steel, Engineer Grade reflective aluminum or High Intensity reflective aluminum (aluminum styles are MUTCD compliant) Parking Lot Traffic Signs measure 12"W x 6"H and can withstand harsh outdoor environments for 5 to 7 years Extend the life and performance of the sign by upgrading to Seton UltraTuff™ overlaminate Sign has a grahpic arrow in black on a white background
Safely direct vehicles around parking lots with Parking Lot Traffic Signs. Parking Lot Signs have clear, concise wordings that are easily understood by all Signs are available in non-reflective steel, Engineer Grade reflective aluminum or High Intensity reflective aluminum (aluminum styles are MUTCD compliant) Parking Lot Traffic Signs measure 20"W x 14"H and can withstand harsh outdoor environments for 5 to 7 years Extend the life and performance of the sign by upgrading to Seton UltraTuff™ overlaminate Message reads "No Parking" in black lettering on a yellow background
Safely direct vehicles around parking lots with Parking Lot Traffic Signs. Parking Lot Signs have clear, concise wordings that are easily understood by all Signs are available in non-reflective steel, Engineer Grade reflective aluminum or High Intensity reflective aluminum (aluminum styles are MUTCD compliant) Parking Lot Traffic Signs measure 18"W x 18"H and can withstand harsh outdoor environments for 5 to 7 years Extend the life and performance of the sign by upgrading to Seton UltraTuff™ overlaminate Message reads "Exit" in black lettering on a white background with a graphic right arrow
Carpet Cleaning - Picking Out the High-grade Carpet Cleaners
Carpets are commonly employed to lend life and to a greater extent beauty to the living room or the hallway or in some other parts of the house. A standardized house would more or less hold at least two carpets. However, carpet scavenging will take several hours, if not the whole day, from removing furniture, dragging heavy cleaning machines, to the factual tiresome carpet cleaning action. Thus, most people resort to hire professional cleaners to do the job. This way, they can expend more time with their families. Below are some prodigious hints in Opting the company that would offer the Most Beneficial carpet cleaning services:
Find a qualified carpet cleaner. Make certain that the company you are Opting has a credential that they really have undergone professional trainings. With the high service rate of carpet cleaning, there is no question that a lot of non-certified carpet cleaners will put up their services at lower rates. You must be favourable enough if you stimulate to have your carpet cleaned and continue undamaged.
Take a count at the monetary value. Carpet cleaning is a no casual job; hence, most company who offer said functions charge quite high. Yet you have to look at whether the charge they are exacting is rational enough for you to get your carpet cleaned. Servicing fees must not be too high as buying a entire new carpet but must not be overly low as purchasing a detergent soap.
Research on the company's background. If you already have in idea what party to go to for carpet cleaning, then do a little research on its background as well as its servicing record. Ask around. Make careful that the said company has a attachment and insurance policy. This is to vouch that the company you take will be sacrificing for the monetary value of the impairments to your house they may obtain during the carpet cleaning process.
Ask for friends' help. It is desirable if you call for your neighbor who does their carpet cleaning. And whether did they like it or not. This way, you can control that you have the Most Authentic cleaners.
Ask from earlier clients. If your preferred cleaners have been in the occupation for several years, it is in all probability that they already possess lots of customers. Ask for their names. When you sustain them with you now, it is time for you to do a small explore. You may visit former clients or call them on the phone. This way, they can facilitate you settle whether to allow them to do the carpet scavenging for you as well.
Investigate about their employees. Some companies do not have their own scavenging employees. They do the PR works only yet they charter sub-contracting employees to execute the job. If this is the case, it is advisable to look for another companies who carry their own employees. If the company designates the cleaning job to sub-contracting employees, they will have small control over the cleansers. Therefore, they may deny or deny to compensate in case they break or harm something in your house during the carpet cleaning process.
*Which Elite Four Member was Gym Leader Flannery's Grandfather?
After playing through four generations of pokemon, I'm used to facing someone that's a badass champion's relative (The Winshire Family, Clair, Roark, Janine, etc.), but ever since that man in Laveridge town back in Ruby/Sapphire/Emerald told me that Flannery is the granddaughter of a famous Elite Four Member, (I wasn't surprised, I had trouble beating her every time I played through Emerald or Ruby), I racked my brain trying to figure out who the famous grandfather was. I thought about Sinnoh's Flint, cause he also has red hair and fire type pokemon, but D/P/P hasn't come out yet and he's WAY too young to be a grandpa. Blaine is a better candidate, he also uses fire and is quite old, but he was never a elite four member!
Who's that E4 member?!?
*Note: This question falls into the category of both "online and video games" (for the video game series) and "comics and animation" (for the T.V. series), which is why you see this question twice in two different categories
Just because Flannery is the granddaughter of a famous E4 member doesn't mean that that person specifically had to use fire type pokemon. I think Flannery could possibly be the granddaughter of either Drake the dragon master of Hoenn E4, or Agatha the ghost pokemon master of the Kanto E4.
Collected Jack Kirby Collector, Vol. 3 List Price:$19.95 Sale Price: $17.98 You save: $1.97 (10%) Eligible for free shipping! Availability: Usually ships in 1-2 business days
Description
This trade paperback reprints issues #13-15 of the magazine for Kirby fans, and includes a new special section with 30 pieces of Kirby art never before published in TJKC, including uninked pencils from Captain America, Thor, Jimmy Olsen, The Deon, New Gods, The Prisoner, and more! Go behind-the scenes of Jack's career through interviews with Kirby, Dick Ayers, Chic Stone, Walt Simonson, Al Williamson, and Mike Thibodeaux, and see page-after-page of rare and unpublished Kirby art!
Webster's bibliographic and event-based timelines are comprehensive in scope, covering virtually all topics, geographic locations and people. They do so from a linguistic point of view, and in the case of this book, the focus is on "Ballet," including when used in literature (e...
Captain Marvel is a fictional comic book superhero, originally published by Fawcett Comics and later by DC Comics. Created in 1939 by artist C. C. Beck and writer Bill Parker, the character first appeared in Whiz Comics #2 (February 1940). With a premise that taps adolescent fantasy, Captain Marvel is the alter ego of Billy Batson, a youth who works as a radio news reporter and was chosen to be a champion of good by the wizard Shazam. Whenever Billy speaks the wizards name, he is instantly struck by a magic lightning bolt that transforms him into an adult superhero empowered with the abilities of six legendary figures. Several friends and family members, most notably Marvel Family cohorts Mary Marvel and Captain Marvel Jr., can share Billys power and become Marvels themselves. Hailed as The Worlds Mightiest Mortal in his adventures, Captain Marvel was nicknamed The Big Red Cheese by archvillain Doctor Sivana, an epithet later adopted by Captain Marvels fans Author: Miller, Frederic P./ Vandome, Agnes F./ McBrewster, John Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 226 Publication Date: 2009/12/23 Language: English Dimensions: 5.98 x 9.01 x 0.51 inches
High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles Champion Red is a monthly Japanese sh nen manga magazine published on the 19th each month by Akita Shoten since August 19, 2002 (cover date October 2002). Champion Red Ichigo is a special edition of Champion Red. Current serializations: Change 123 (June 2005 ongoing), Chaotic Rune Es, Domina No Do , Desperado, Franken Fran (September 2006 ongoing), Gate Runner, Ichiban Ushiro no Dai Ma, Junk Record of the Last Hero, Lives Author: Miller, Frederic P./ Vandome, Agnes F./ McBrewster, John Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 100 Publication Date: 2010/11/18 Language: English Dimensions: 9.02 x 5.98 x 0.24 inches
If you are a Champion (and you are), then you will be promoted to greater and higher realms of leadership. Life has a way of elevating true Champions. Just as cream rises to the top of milk, true Champions rise to the top of companies, projects, and great events. When that happens, old relationships fall away. It can be emotional and difficult, but it’s part of the price of leadership. Champions must be separated from the crowd before they can be elevated into prominence.
I only hang out with Champions. My mastermind team consists wonderful, fired up, success maniacs that are striving to succeed in every area of their life. They support and encourage my “Why” in life, and I support them the same way. But, you know what? Not one of them is someone I knew from my past. Except for my parents and some family, not one of my friends from my old days is around me today. Think about that; I was separated away from the lower levels. That’s not prideful talk. I’m humbled and grateful for the blessings of God which have elevated me. But, I’m telling you that one of the prices that Champions have to pay is being separated from the old gang.
I won’t even try to convince you that this is an easy process. Sometimes it happens naturally after you begin to immerse yourself in positive self-development materials and activities. One day you look around, and you are surrounded by positive, like-minded people. Believe me, negative naysayers don’t want to hang around with someone that is always speaking empowering words or has a positive outlook on life despite the obstacles.
On the other hand, sometimes those friends that are always dragging you down just decide to hang around and try harder to squash your Why in life. What do you do? You have to exercise the gift of goodbye. Explain to those people that you are on a path to success and you cannot allow them to steal your dreams. It’s like a bad apple in a barrel of delicious red apples. That bad apple becomes cankerous and destroys all of the bright, vibrant apples. This is what happens when you allow those so-called friends to continually badger you with their negative nonsense.
I readily admit that I am always ready to embrace goodbye. I only spend time with Champions. Of course, I’ll help someone that is struggling to find success. I am a mentor, and I’m pretty good at spotting the Champions fighting to get out of people. You’ve seen them too; they’re not addicted to negative attitudes and words. They are always searching the horizon in order to spot their future. When they see it, they go for it. I will always have time to help those people. I love them…Champions struggling to be born.
It is not hateful to tell someone goodbye. Rather, it’s faithful. It’s faithful to your own dream and to live the life of a Champion. It’s not a personal thing. You shouldn’t be cruel or dismissive of others, but you have to respond to the call of success. That call will always separate you before it elevatesyou.
I have seen people elevated while trying to hang on to someone from the old days. If they continue, the old buddy will often trip them up. Not because he’s a bad guy, but because he’s addicted to negativity. It’s like eagles trying to hang out with pigeons. There’s nothing wrong with pigeons, but they will NEVER be eagles. You are an eagle! Fly higher than the pigeons and don’t look down.
If you’re making $50,000 a year, start hanging out with people who make $200,000 a year. Learn their secrets. Ask them to teach you. That’s what “separated to be elevated” means. You make a choice about the kind of influences, the kind of people, the kind of books, the kind of movies and the kind of material that you will allow into your mind.
This is serious stuff. Listen to me. If you were determined to become physically fit and healthy, you wouldn’t continue to hang out with Twinkies, donuts, beer, and Doritos. You would find the gift of goodbye; you would move out of the old nutritional neighborhood. You would allow yourself to be separated from McDonalds and Pizza Hut in order to be elevated to healthy power foods. What if you tried to be healthy, but said, “I can’t leave my old friends – the fries, the cakes, the milk shakes – I can’t forsake them?” How long would your dream of health and physical fitness last? It’s the same thing with success and living as a Champion.
You have a decision to make. Are you going to be a Champion? Are you willing to pay the price? The struggle is vitally important. It does something in you and for you. I’ve never known a Champion who didn’t have to struggle with shaking off the old in order to embrace the new. The number of obstacles that you face in life will lay the foundation for massive growth.
It was very lonely but I eventually met new friends that believed in me as much as I believed in myself and my Why in life.
You will never be able to turn the key in your heart and travel down the road of success without first pulling out of the old, comfortable parking spot of negative associations.
You’re a Champion! Your car is already moving. The fact that you’re reading this article and not a comic book or other time-waster means that your car is moving pretty well. Just keep rolling . . . right on past the slower cars, the older cars and the beat-up pick-ups that have not been maintained. You were destined for higher elevations. It’s time to go for it!
John is an International Motivational Speaker who shocks millions globally by exposing the truth about how to achieve monumental life success despite the labels that society has placed on you. Through his award winning live seminars, power-packed training programs, live tele-classes and websites John Di Lemme has made success a reality for thousands of people worldwide.
John wants to give you a FREE copy of his e-book
"177 Motivational Quotes to Live the Championship Life"
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This is my "Fortune Ladies" and I would just like to see what some people think of it. Be nice please!
Thank you for your time...
Oh! and if anyone has any tips for me please be sure to mention them, thanks
Monsters:
Fortune Lady Light x3
Fortune Lady Fire x2
Fortune Lady Wind x2
Fortune Lady Water x2
Fortune Lady Dark x3
Fortune Lady Earth
Night's End Sorcerer
Rai-Mei
Morphing Jar
Cyber Valley x2
Chaos Sorcerer
Gorz the Emissary of Darkness
Magic/Traps:
Lightning Vortex
Heavy Storm
Monster Reincarnation
Future Visions x3
Fortune's Future x2
One for One x2
Time Passage
Gold Sarcophagus
Hand Destruction
Compulsory Evacuation Device x3
Mirror Force
Solemn Judgement
Dark Bribe
Torrential Tribute
NO SYNCHROES?!?!?!?!
Sorry, FLs are not my specialty, but without synchroes, the chances of winning against a great deck are slim.
be aware of "gozen match"
that card will ruin this deck, however, gozen match is rarely used.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
There are 3 classes of Fortune Ladies. The classes vary because of their different effects.
Class A
* Monsters gain x200 ATK/DEF for each of their own levels.
Fortune Lady Light, Fortune Lady Fire.
Class B
* Monsters gain x300 ATK/DEF for each of their own levels.
Fortune Lady Wind, Fortune Lady Water.
Class C
* Monsters gain x400 ATK/DEF for each of their own levels.
Fortune Lady Dark, Fortune Lady Earth.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Recommended Monsters
* Fortune Lady Light
* Fortune Lady Fire
* Fortune Lady Wind
* Fortune Lady Water
* Fortune Lady Dark
* Fortune Lady Earth
Optional Monsters
* Catoblepas and the Witch of Fate
* Magical Exemplar
* Chaos Sorcerer
* Kinka-byo
* Dark Armed Dragon
* Earthbound Immortal Aslla piscu
* Tragoedia
* Mist Valley Shaman
* Kycoo the Ghost Destroyer
* Night's End Sorcerer
* Rai-Mei
* Cyber Valley
* Eccentric Boy
* The Calculator
Spells
* Gold Sarcophagus
* Time Passage
* Fortune's Future
* Allure of Darkness
* Magical Dimension
* Future Visions
* One for One
* Dimensionhole
* Different Dimension Gate
Traps
* Torrential Tribute
* Compulsory Evacuation Device
* Bottomless Trap Hole
* Interdimensional Matter Transporter
* Bending Destiny
* Inherited Fortune
* Solemn Judgment
* Slip of Fortune
* Dark Bribe
* Call of the Haunted
* Horn of Heaven
* Scrap-Iron Scarecrow
Synchros
* Goyo Guardian
* Brionac, Dragon of the Ice Barrier
* Ally of Justice Catastor
* Black Rose Dragon
* Arcanite Magician
* Stardust Dragon
* Tempest Magician
* (Any Good Synchro You Chance Upon)
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Yu-Gi-Oh Deck of the Month December: Fortune Lady Chaos
Comic book published by Valiant Comics. A spin-off title from Valiant's Magnus Robot Fighter title, set in the same future world and guest-starring Magnus Robot Fighter.
Employee Warriors and the Future of the American Fighting Force
Delhi-The Mistress Of The Emperors
DELHI-MISTRESS OF THE EMPERORS
BY SANJAI VELAYUDHAN
INTRODUCTION
Delhi the magnificent. Delhi the terrible! What orgies of feasting, what horrors of pillage and bloodshed has it not endured-Norah Rowan Hamilton
Geographically, Delhi is in the shape of a 30km radius circle and it sits like a huge blob of black and grey at the edge of the Indo Gangetic plain, one of the flattest, most fertile and most densely populated regions in the world. On the east and north of Delhi are the lush green fields of the plains, on the west is the Thar Desert and on the south is the river Yamuna. Some 300km north of Delhi are the Himalayan Mountains.
Delhi is no ordinary city. It was always the vortex of significant political events and has a strong historical background. Owing to the fact that it was ruled over by some of the most powerful emperors in Indian history, Delhi has been witness to political turmoil for over five centuries. Coming into prominence with the first ruler who identified the strategic advantages of the location, it has since not looked back. Every wall and pillar of crumbling monuments and ruins has a story of its own to tell. Every yesterday is replete with history. Delhi has a regal and majestic history which is quite vivid from the rise and fall of various rules. While rulers came and went, the city lived through wars and resurrection, repeatedly rising from the ashes. There is no denying the fact that history of India revolves around the rich history of Delhi.
Nobody really knows for sure when Delhi began. Archaeological excavations near the city have unearthed ruins that are thousands of years old. Some of the ruins have been identified with the Indus Valley culture. This is a significant discovery as this culture has been identified as one of the four centers that were origins of human civilization (the others were China, Mesopotamia and Egypt). Evidence for habitation around Delhi from early historical to medieval times comes mainly from the archeological excavations at the Purana Quila site. Evidence of the Mauryan Period (300 B.C) is provided by the occurrence of Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW), a fine earthenware marked by a glossy surface, and punch marked coins. According to Y.D. Sharma "Habitation appears to have begun at or around the site of Delhi about three thousand years ago. Underneath the Purana Quila, raised in the sixteenth Century, trial trenching in 1955 revealed the occurrence of a fine grey earthenware, usually painted with simple designs in black. Known as the Painted Grey Ware (PGW), this pottery is often dated to c. 1000 B.C. Archeological Evidence has shown that the region in and around Delhi was inhabited from earlier times. Stone age tools found are indicative of this. Stone tools belonging to early Stone Age were discovered from the Aravalli tracts in and around Anangpur, the Jawaharlal Nehru University Campus, the northern ridge and elsewhere - evidence that the Early Man lived here. Excavations at Mandoli and Bhorgarh in east and north-west Delhi respectively have thrown up remains of Chalcolithic period dating back to 2nd millennium BC, 1st millennium BC as well remains of 4th-5th century AD have been traced here. The excavations of the ancient mound of Indraprastha, capital of the Pandavas, located within the fold of the sixteenth century Purana Quila revealed evidence of continuous habitation of the site for almost 2500 years.
India is a land of religions. It has facilitated the origin of many organised religions like Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism etc. Religions have always influenced the day to day lives of the Inhabitants of India. While India is not known for writings its history, its writers did leave behind much religious literature that contained epics, stories and philosophical treatises. It may be said with confidence that two epics that have defined the Indian Psyche are-The Mahabharata and Ramayana.
Mahabharata:
Delhi's history is intertwined with the Mahabharata, referred to as the national epic of India. It is a very passionate work that has been frequently compared with the Illiad, the national epic of Classical Greece. The crux of Mahabharata is a great war between the opposing forces of right and wrong represented the brother Pandavas and Kauravas respectively. Composed in the classical Sanskrit language in 10,000 stanzas, the epic is attributed to the sage Veda Vyasa. Mahabharata is a mixture of both Fables and sacred literature. It describes rationally impossible feats attributed to divine, semi-divine and mortals. The Great War described in great detail is the product of highly advanced cognitive functions of imagination. The weapons of war described includes fancy infantry vehicles like chariots, advanced ballistic munitions including precision-fire arrows, weapon systems resembling guided bombs, nuclear weapons etc. The epic like Ramayana doesn't fail to astonish the reader with the clarity of its descriptions and the richness of its details. Mahabharata was possibly inspired by a skirmish between two tribes. Exaggerated and combined with fertile imagination a small story went on to capture the imagination of its readers and have profound and impactful effect on their psyche. The scope of the war expanded with the participation of Gods and divine beings. As a chapter or rather a book within the epic is the Divine revelation "Gita" that is described as the ideal way of life (as per Dharma & the principles of Karma) as described by Krishna an avatar of Lord Vishnu. A heady mix of the sacred and the profane makes Mahabharata a very compelling tale.
Thus, popular belief attributes the laying of the foundations of Delhi to the eldest Pandava brother Yudhishtira. Delhi finds mention in this epic as a place that was a thick jungle inhabited by many species of animals and tribal people. Its transformation began after the arrival of the protagonists of the epic-Pandava brothers. The "righteous" brothers burned the jungle which resulted in the death of all its inhabitants. There was only one survivor of this carnage-the demon Maya who was also an architect who was spared based on his promise to build a unique city that would never be replicated anywhere in the world, any time. On the newly acquired space, Maya built the Pandavas their new capital Indraprastha - 'abode of the king of the gods'. This burning of Kandava Forest could have been symbolic of the slash and burn technique used earlier to claim land. Legends emphasize that this was the first city of Delhi. Nigambod Ghat, a sacred cremation ground for the Hindus that is still in use and the Nilichatri temple situated on the banks of the Yamuna are believed to have been constructed by Yudhishtira, the elder brother of the Pandavas-the protagonists of the epic, Mahabharatha. Though mythical, the orgiastic violence that marked the creation of its first city (albeit mythical) was to be a recurring theme throughout the history of Delhi.
Though hard archeological evidence has been hard to come by, the strong association between Delhi and the epic continues. As if to corroborate the legend, there was indeed a village located near the Purana Quila area called Indrapat. In the words of the eminent archeologist Y.D Sharma "It is significant that the Painted Grey Ware occurs at several places associated with the story of the great epic Mahabharata, and one of these places, Indraprastha, capital of the Pandavas, is traditionally identified with Delhi. Significantly enough, a village by the name of Indarpat, which is obviously derived from the word Indraprastha, lay in the Purana-Qila itself till the beginning of the present century, when it was cleared along with other villages to make way for the capital of New Delhi to be laid out".
Like its origin, etymology of Delhi is also shrouded in the mists of time. Not many ancient travellers have mentioned about Delhi with Ptolemy being an exception. He mentions in his writings about a place called "daidala" close to Indraprastha which is identified with Delhi. According to other legends, after the decline of the Indraprastha, a king called Dillu or Delu who ruled the strategic region of Kannauj founded the city of Dilli around 57 B.C. According to this legend, Delhi (called Dilli in Hindi) derived its name after the King Delu/Dillu. It is also known that the coins in circulation in the region under the Rajputs were called delhiwal, suggesting a link to Dilli. There is also a theory that the name of the land is possibly derived from Dilli, a corruption of dehleez or dehali—Hindi for 'threshold'—and symbolic of city as a gateway to the Indo-Gangetic Plains. There is no corroborative evidence these diverse theories.
The political History of Delhi begins with the arrival of Tomar Rajputs. Tomars were most probably feudatories of the powerful north Indian emperor Harshavardana. It was possibly after his death that Tomars became bold enough to strike out on their own.They had initially settled around the "Suraj Kund" area near Delhi. Archeological evidence has proven the existence of many temples, tanks and fortifications in and around the area pointing to the existence of a flourishing community life. In the midst of the area falls the village of Anangpur associating it with the founder of Delhi Anangpal who it is assumed lived around the 8th century. The Rajputs constructed two formal urban areas where population was centered-Suraj Kund area and Mehrauli. The Suraj Kund area has many architectural remains. The prominent ones are the Suraj Kund Dam (dated around the 8th century) and Tank by the same name (dated around the 10th century). King Anangpal possible created ideal conditions that enabled population growth in and around Suraj Kund. This also probably brought in wealth and prosperity to the area bringing to front the threat of invasions. The Tomars thus felt the need for fortifying their growing acquisitions in order to organize urban living as well as protection from marauding invaders. Thus they built the first city of Delhi called Lalkot.
The expansion of Delhi under the Tomars attracted the attention of the Chauhan clan who were powerful rulers who had concentrated their rule in the area between Sambhar and Ajmer in Rajasthan, North India. The Chauhan ruler Vigraharaja defeated Tomars and left Delhi for his brother Prithviraj Chauhan to administer. Prithviraj was known for his military prowess. He is also known for the kidnap and marriage of his rival Jayaraj's daughter Samyuktha. His exploits have been recorded in the rhetorical work of his courtier Chand Bardai titled "Prithviraj Raso". He also expanded Lalkot fortifications to include newer areas. His expansion of Lalkot was known as Qila-Rai-Pithora.
The battles of Tarain:
India was known in the medieval world as an extremely rich land. Politically fragmented and parceled among numerous rulers, the central weakness of India was the lack of a central leadership or a sense of political unity. This template was an open invitation for enterprising invaders. Many invaders did accept this invite-they came, destroyed everything on their way, and looted its wealth to their heart's content. The source of most of the looted wealth was Hindu temples as they were repositories of wealth. Most of such aggressors chose to return home and enjoy the newly found wealth. Those who exceptionally chose to stay eventually lost their distinct identities and became one among the inhabitants.
It was the ascension of Mohammad Ghori in Afghanistan that became a game changer for Indian rulers and its inhabitants. Mohammad Ghori was not a particularly bright military general and had faced few significant military defeats that had left him licking his wounds. An ambitious person looking to expand his kingdom, his attention turned to India. He had already heard about the enormous wealth of India and his main inspiration was Mohammad of Ghazni who had raided India multiple times and returned with enormous booty. Mohammad of Ghazni is particularly noted for his attacks on the Somanatha temple in Gujarat.
Ghori's raids to India did face resistance but not enough to deter him from grabbing substantial territories. His territorial gains and ambition brought him to the borders of one of the most powerful Kingdoms of Delhi then ruled by the iconic Prithviraj Chauhan. Despite Prithviraj's fearsome reputation, the trumpets of war were blown and the armies met at Tarain located near Delhi in 1191. Facing a Rajput coalition led by Prithviraj, Ghori was thoroughly defeated. He barely survived with the help of a water carrier. Humiliated, he thirsted for revenge. He returned to the battlefield the very next year. In 1192, Ghori was able to redeem his earlier defeat and the Hindu Rajput army was decisively defeated. Though there are various versions about the fate of Prithviraj, it may be assumed that he was killed on the battlefield in order to demoralize his soldiers as well as other rulers who may have potentially presented resistance.
The defeat and murder of Prithviraj Chauhan was a turning point in the history of Delhi. Unlike previous invaders, Mohammad Ghori wanted to stay and consolidate his gains. He designated his deputy Qutub-ud-din Aibak to administer his Indian territories. Qutub-ud-din lived unto his king's expectations and went on to defeat other rulers in north India to expand his territory. By the twist of fate, Mohammad Ghori was assassinated and Aibak declared himself Sultan of India. He chose Delhi as his administrative capital. With exceptions when the capital was shifted outside due to strategic reasons, Delhi has always been the capital of India and continues to be the pivot around which political power revolves in India.
Although already a regionally important urban centre, Delhi only became a capital after being taken by Muhammad of Ghor in 1192 after his victory against Prithviraj Chauhan. There were various reasons why the Turko-afghans established Delhi as their capital. (1) Their original power base was in Afghanistan and the Punjab and Delhi was proximate to both these places (2) Delhi is strategically located on the River Yamuna providing easy mode of transportation as well as guarantee of agricultural prosperity (3) It is located at crossroads between the mountains and the desert. Most of the inland trade traffic between Central Asia and Peninsular India passed through this area (4) Delhi had turned into a potent symbol of Hindu power (5) It was a fortified city offering protection to its new occupants (6) It could be used as a safe base to further acquire territory in India.
In the words of John Finnemore – Age by age, invader after invader has swept into the land through the Khyber Pass, that solitary gap in the vast mountain rampart, the only path by which India maybe entered. All have marched down from the hills and entered with delight the rich plains of the Punjab. Then, upon gaining them, they have heard with wonder stories of a fairer and more goodly land to the South east, a land of splendid cities stored with wealth, of broad plains waving with luxuriant crops, a land of corn and wine and oil. So they pushed on and on. On their right hand they found a vast desert spreading away. On their left rose the vast mountain wall of the Himalaya. But straight ahead an easy way lay before them ......Not only did the plains of old Delhi offer an easy way , it also afforded ample stores of food . So from the earliest days every invader had to seize Delhi and hold Delhi. To seize it that he might be able to march forward, to hold it lest he should find his road barred on the way back. To do this he had to be the strongest man of his day. Therefore he who held Delhi, held India.
Delhi thus turned a new leaf in its history from the date of its capture by Qutub-ud-din-Aibak. Aibak being an experienced General concentrated on consolidating his rule. As a strategy, he focused on clearing all administrative symbols of Chauhan (Hindu) Rule including destruction of religious buildings like Hindu and Jaina temples that had proliferated during the Rajput rule. Buildings or monuments have always been one of the primary tools of imperialism. Thus while he destroyed these temples, he re-arranged them in the plinth of the largest Vishnu Temple in the area to create the earliest mosque in north India-"Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque". For more on Islamic impact on architecture on Delhi, Please read "Qutub Minar-The Tower of Power". The invaders also strengthened the Lalkot fortifications and created a palace for their leader to live. Remains of Structure called Khushk Safed or white palace has been unearthed during Archeological investigations. Aibak had just started off a building frenzy. The architectural make-over began by him was continued by rulers who followed him. The invaders virtually took over the political reigns from the time of their arrival and the impact of Islam was felt for the next six centuries and a half till 1857.
Ironically, Delhi was re-positioned and re-branded by its new owners-the Islamic invaders. They made Delhi the most attractive Islamic capital attracting some of the prominent travellers, soldiers and intellectuals from all over the Islamic world. The city became the locus of Islamic political aspirations. It became the most happening city for an aspiring Muslim to be in. Its great monuments and limitless wealth became the talk of the Islamic world.
The Dynasties that ruled from Delhi:
Delhi went on see frequent change of guard as far as dynasties are concerned. While the dynasties changed, their fundamental characteristic remained constant-Muslim. The list of dynasties that ruled Delhi is as below:
1. Rajput (Tomars & Chauhans) 736-1192 A.D.
(Consolidation of Turko-Afghan rule) 1192-1206 A.D.
2. Mamluk Dynasty 1206-1290 A.D.
3. Khilji Dynasty 1290-1320 A.D.
4. Tughlaq Dynasty 1320-1413 A.D.
5. Sayyid Dynasty 1414-1451 A.D.
6. Lodi Dynasty 1451-1526 A.D.
7. Mughal Dynasty 1526-1857 A.D.
8. English 1857-1947 A.D.
Delhi as the centre of power also saw the building of many cities. Every ruler wanted to stamp his authority over the members of the ruling class as well as the inhabitants. They tried to overwhelm and overpower the ruled in order to ensure some level of security to their rule (like the more contemporary "shock & awe" tactic). While chroniclers have numbered more then seventeen such cities, we are able to clearly identify the remains of nine.
The Cities of Delhi:
1. Lalkot –attributed to King Anangpal
2. Qila-Rai-Pithora- Prithviraj Chauhan
3. Siri-Ala-ud-din Khilji
4. Tughlaqabad-Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq
5. Jahanpanah- Mohammad bin Tughlaq
6. Feroz Shah Kotla-Feroz Shah Tughlaq
7. Dinpanah/Sher Garh-Humayun & Sher Shah
8. Shahjahanabad- Shahjahan
9. New Delhi-British
The cities of Delhi themselves were victims of cannibalization. Whenever a ruler wanted to build a new city, he would destroy an existing one and reuse its materials to construct his dream city. Among the many cities that were built in Delhi, two prominent ones exist today-Shahjahanabad and New Delhi represent contrasting time periods. Both of them also encompass rich remains of earlier cities.
Thus, Delhi is not just one city but the amalgamation of many. To reiterate, its history goes back to more than a 1000 years. Compared to Delhi, the other major cities of India including Mumbai (earlier known as Bombay), Chennai (earlier known as Madras), Hyderabad, Bengaluru (earlier known as Bangalore) , Kolkata (prior name-Calcutta) all have relatively recent histories as far as political prominence is concerned.
Bloodbath:
Many invaders have landed in Delhi and they did their bit to shed the blood of its inhabitants. Many such Pogroms have been recorded in detail by Muslim chroniclers. During the attack of Timur and Nadir Shah, Delhi witnessed large scale killings that may in contemporary standards be regarded as genocides. Such killings were again repeated by bloodthirsty villains like Ahmad Shah Abdali, the Rohillas etc.
During the first organised rebellion in 1857 against the British, all action shifted to Delhi considering its associations with power as well as the presence of the nominal Mughal ruler Bahadur Shah Zafar. Once the rebels reached Delhi, they made him the nominal leader of the movement. Due to endogenous reasons, the rebellion was bound to fail. Delhi saw some fierce battles between the rebels and the English soldiers. Post rebellion, the English took revenge on the participants and any suspected sympathisers. The revenge was both bloody and humiliating. Their action would have put any dictatorial regime to shame.
The inhabitants of the Indian subcontinent exhibited "masochistic tendencies" when post their independence from the British, the nation was divided into India and Pakistan in 1947. People moved between these two countries mainly based on their religion. They killed, looted and raped each others women. Needless to say partition resulted in the death of many people as well as loss of millions of dollars. Many people also went missing and this violence left a deep scar in the psyche of both the nations-India and Pakistan. Its impact continues even today.
CONCLUSION:
Modern India had to handle its own issues after its independence in 1947. One of the events that had far reaching events was the partition of the country (as mentioned above). This event had a profound effect on Delhi. It completely changed the demographic pattern of Delhi as floods of immigrants poured into it. It is estimated that the population of Delhi in the decade 1941-1951 went up by 90.0 %. Huge rehabilitation colonies were set-up in various parts of the city. Most of these immigrants were Punjabi entrepreneurs who brought their knack for enterprise to Delhi. Once the political dust settled down and economic conditions began to improve, these new comers became the pioneers in opening up new frontiers, in the then far flung locations of Delhi, which are today known as the exclusive abode of the rich. In order to control and plan for, what was even then a turbulent future, the parliament passed the Delhi Development Act and cleared the way to the setting up of the Delhi Development Authority (DDA) in 1957. The area of Delhi which was 43.25 Sq Km in 1901 grew to 624 Sq Km in 1991.
Contemporary Delhi is a mixture of the medieval and the modern. Its old values are struggling with contemporary forces of change. Its socio-cultural life consists of many layers and they from different time zones & they overlap, interact and assimilate into a continuum of inexplicable complexity. Not many metropolitan cities can claim the historical footprints of this city. Delhi is truly a historic city with more than 10 distinct dynasties ruling it at different times. Its skyline has been transformed many times. One of the greatest game changers has been architecture. Despite centuries, many of the monumental architecture still exist in Delhi in various stages of preservation. They include mosques, forts, pleasure palaces, tombs, wells, dams etc. They compete with contemporary glass and steel buildings for attention. They never fail to remind a visitor its historical significance.
The ruins and ramparts still stand tall in dignity - and amidst them rise modern buildings and giant skyscrapers. It's a breathtaking synthesis of yesterday and tomorrow, the holding on to the past and surging ahead to the future. Today the ruins of these above mentioned ancient and medieval royal citadels, together with Shahjahanabad and Lutyens' Delhi, are part of the Delhi of the twenty first century. Overall, the city of Delhi has evolved through continual metamorphosis since the ancient times, and had the distinction of being the capital and the epicenter of politics and intrigue since the Sultanate period. The history of Delhi is dotted with the creation of several architectural masterpieces, and many remnants and ruins, which are now an integral part of the heritage of this great metropolis. Its traditional historic and cultural identity battles to survive against the sweeping powers of modernity.
Today's Delhi is the blend of old and new. New Delhi, the capital of India, sprawled over the west bank of the river Yamuna is one of the fastest growing cities in India. It is the third largest city in India and now the most preferred city in terms of investments, industrialization, Information Technology, Healthcare, Real Estate etc. for the contemporary visitor to delhi, there is enough and more to enthrall his/her senses. Perhaps, it might not be an exaggeration if one were to boldly state-there is no city like Delhi. But a word of caution-understand it, to enjoy it.
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About the Author
A behavioural trainer by education and a loyalty specialist by profession, Sanjai has PG qualifications in Training and Performance management from Centre for Labour Market Studies(CLMS), University of Leicester. Sanjai is a compulsive thinker & prolific writer. he has chosen articlesbase to publish his thoughts. He strongly believes that what comes out of a writing is not words, but Thoughts. He also writes papers on loyalty programmes and the psychology behind it. He has delivered talks at specialist gatherings. To know more about him, read his articles or view his talks, Just google "sanjai velayudhan".
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